Invisible japanese gentlemen Essay

– A group of eight Japanese gentlemen: Most of them wore glasses and most of the time they were smiling. They talked in a not very understandable language. – A beautiful young lady: Blonde hair and pretty girl. She had thin features and a gorgeous face. She looked very sophisticated. – And her fiancà ©: He looked very handsome too. He was very similar to her fiancà ©, he looked from the high socialite. – The Narrator: Physically he is in the setting of the story. The author of this short story made a wonderful description of each of the characters. Physically he is in the setting of the story, sitting in a different table, worried about this particular couple which called him attention. He is looking both tables but he really got interested with the one where the couple was sitting. The observations that are made by the author of the story makes us, as readers more conscious about what is going on with the couple. We can identify their worries, especially the ones of the girl, about her future as a writer and also her concerns about the wedding and their future as a couple. The narrator is sitting at a table, alone, and observes a group of eight Japanese gentlemen having dinner together, and beyond them a young British couple. The Japanese speak q uietly and politely to each other, always smiling and bowing, toasting each other and making speeches in Japanese which the narrator doesn’t understand and describes in patronizing, derogatory terms. Seven of the Japanese gentlemen wear glasses. They eat fish and later a fruit salad for dessert. The Japanese Gentlemen are in the beginning a distractor but then we can realized that are fundamental in this short story. They try to show us an important characteristic of the girl ´s personality. Even though at the beginning of the story she seemed intelligent and a good writer, afterwards we can say that she is not a good writer because she is not a good observer. She is just a girl who is worried about her future and her career but she does not seem like a real writer because she does not have the power to look beyond things. That is why the story is called â€Å"The invisible Japanese Gentlemen† because through her eyes Japanese Gentlemen were nobody they were almost invisible. She was so concerned about her own superficial worries that she left the restaurant and she did not have a look at them. Although they sit farthest away, the narrator catches their conversation. The pretty young woman is a writer The female protagonist is a young woman who has just written her first novel. She is very ambitious and is always trying to please her publisher called Mr. Dwight. In order to be successful she changes the title of her book in accordance to her publisher`s wishes. She probably belongs to the upper classes which becomes obvious in the way she speaks. She is very self- centered, talking all the time about her problems without listening to her fiancà ©e. She is oblivious to his feelings. She has no doubts about her success in the future. Her fiancà © is a wine-merchant who has been offered a well- paid job by his uncle. He only listens to his fiancà ©e and doesn`t mention his own plans and wishes. It becomes obvious that he isn`t sure about marrying her. He is dissatisfied with his situation. He is more cautious about the future. He is a realist maybe, but his fiancà © is not. Writer is both jealous of the girl, because she is at the beginning of s omething and still has the ability to dream her future, and sympathetic, because she’s young enough to be his daughter and he would like to communicate his experience to her so as to preserve her from disappointments .

Children Being Tried as Adults Essay

Some juveniles think that because they are minors, they can’t be severely punished just like adults. Using this thinking, many minors commit crimes thinking of little to no consequences at all. With this thinking, the â€Å"double standard† comes into place. Female juveniles think because of their gender, they can really get away with crimes. For the average american, the term â€Å"juvenile delinquent† is likely to conjure up the image of a teen-age male. The one-sided image is fed by media stories that all but ignore the existence of young offenders who are female. Most of the professional literature on juvenile delinquency is similarly slanted. Should minors who commit crimes be prosecuted as adults? That is indeed a topic you have to really think about twice. All crimes committed by juveniles should and must be treated in the same regard as adults. These kids go to juvenile court and get shortened sentences because of their age, thats not right. They commit big boy crimes, they have to do big boy time. When you think of the word â€Å"Juvenile† what’s the first thing you think about? The first thing that comes to my mind is crime simply because when i hear the word juvenile, its usually followed by delinquent. Until the early 19th century in the United States, children as young as 7 years old could be tried in criminal court and, if found guilty, sentenced to prison or even to death. Children under the age of 7 were thought to be unable to commit criminal acts and were therefore exempt from punishment. Reformers believed that treating children and adolescents as adult criminals was unnecessarily harsh and resulted in their corruption. A 1991 study by Virginia’s Department of Youth and Family Services, entitled â€Å"Young Women in the Juvenile System,† concluded that girls serve more time in training schools than their male counterparts, and for less serious offenses. The same pattern prevails in most other jurisdictions. (Anderson) Between 1994 and 2010, violent crime arrest rates decreased for all age groups, but more for juveniles than for adults. More specifically, the rates dropped an average of 54 percent for teenagers 15 to 17, compared to 38 percent for those between 18 and 39. And while arrest rates for violent crimes were higher in 2010 than in 1980 for all ages over 24, the rates for juveniles ages 15 to 17 were down from 1980. (Brown) Not everyone agrees that tougher crime laws for juveniles are fair or will cut down on youth crime. Many opponents of penalizing kids as adults believe that young criminals, unlike adult offenders, are still developing personal values and character. Juveniles, they say, can be more easily reformed, or rehabilitated, to turn their lives around and lead productive lives. For example, in a documentary i recently watched, all of the adults had been to jail and had a bad childhood but had changed their lives for the best. Many people have shown their disagreement with the statement above in many ways creating controversy. â€Å"Lock ‘Em Up† says one civilian/pedestrian in a street interview . â€Å"Let ‘Em off, they’re just babies† says another civilian. These two statements/opinions stirred up lots of controversy and debates on live television. In one argument a tv reporter said that â€Å"It doesn’t mean adolescents can’t make rational decisions or appreciate the difference between right and wrong. But it does mean that, particularly when confronted with stressful or emotional circumstances, they are more likely to act impulsively, on instinct, without fully understanding or considering the consequences of their actions.† Some controversy comes in with the parents thinking that their children don’t deserve to be tried as adults in their situation. For example, Paul Henry Gingerich, a 14 year old murder suspect is believed to be the youngest person in Indiana ever sentenced to prison as an adult. He was still 12 years old when he arrived here at the Pendleton Juvenile Correctional Facility, the state’s maximum security prison for children. His mother could not do much due to the severity of the situation. Over 200,000 children are charged as adults every year says a researcher at Temple University. At the age of 16, Cameron Williams lives a life far removed from the world of other teenagers. Williams, who celebrated his sixteenth birthday in jail, faces up to 110 years behind bars for second-degree attempted murder and use of a weapon to commit a felony. In November, Williams shot at a police officer in Omaha, Nebraska as he was being chased after being pulled over in a car with two other men. He’s also charged with robbery and assault in another county. Even though he is a minor. Many people are affected/involved in these juvenile cases. In many cases, the juveniles themselves are the ones who are greatly affected because they are the ones who have messed up their future. The parents are also majorly affected by children being charged as adults because they still look at their children as innocent and as babies. In a recent california case, a 15 year old boy was sentenced to 20 years on a murder charged in a maximum security facility and was beaten to death. This made the state and even parts of the nation rethink this whole â€Å"age doesn’t matter thing† when it comes to juvenile sentencing. To decrease juvenile crimes there are several prevention programs. There is a program called D.A.R.E which stands for Drug, Abuse, Resistance, Education. The program is for kids as old as 18 and as young as 11. There are also programs like after school matters which teaches children the importance of staying in school and staying on the right path, and finally P A.C.E. is â€Å"Programming for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System, which also helps to rehabilitate juveniles after they are released from jail. (Anderson, George M.) Another possible solution could be for parents to teach their children right from wrong early in their lives and for older children, spend more time with them and show them that you care about them/love them, and most of all be there for them throughout their lives. Statistics show that children who grow up in a single-parent household are nine times more likely to go to prison, eight times more likely to commit violent crimes, and ten times more likely to get hooked on drugs than in a two-parent home. After some long research I concluded that teens today don’t fear the law because they don’t think they will get caught. And if they do, they know they have a good chance of getting off because they are tried as teens and not adults. We have to get tougher on crime. There should be a law that everyone over eleven years old will be tried as adults. That way more teens would be discouraged from committing crimes. They would know that murder would get them a very long sentenc e instead of staying in juvenile hall until they are eighteen. If we want to cut down on teen crime, we have to have tougher laws.

All My Sons Play by Arthur Miller

The story described how a woman informed on her father who had sold faulty parts to the U. S. military during World War II. Henrik Ibsens influence on Miller is evidenced from the Ibsen play The Wild Duck, where Miller took the idea of two partners in a business where one is forced to take moral and legal responsibility for the other. This is mirrored in All My Sons. He also borrowed the idea of a character’s idealism being the source of a problem. [3] The criticism of the American Dream, which lies at the heart of All My Sons was one reason why Arthur Miller was called to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee during the 1950s, when America was gripped by anti-communist hysteria. Miller sent a copy of the play to Elia Kazan who directed the original stage version of All My Sons. Kazan was a former member of the Communist Party who shared Millers left-wing views. However, their relationship was destroyed when Kazan gave names of suspected Communists to the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare. [1][4] [edit] Characters Joe Keller Joe Keller was exonerated after being charged with shipping damaged airplane cylinder heads out of his factory during WWII, inadvertently causing the deaths of 21 pilots. For three and a half years he has placed the blame on his partner and former neighbor, Steve Deever. When the truth comes out, Joe justifies his actions by claiming that he did it for his family. At the end of the play he kills himself in a sad attempt to rid his family of the problems he has caused them and perhaps also to stop Kate from hating him. Kate Keller (Mother) Kate knows that Joe is guilty but lives in denial while mourning for her elder son Larry, who has been MIA for three years. She refuses to believe that Larry is dead and maintains that Ann Deever who returns for a visit at the request of Larrys brother Chris is still Larrys girl and also believes that he is coming back. Chris Keller – Chris, 32, returned home from World War II two years before the play begins, disturbed by the realization that the world was continuing as if nothing had happened. He has summoned Ann Deever to the Keller house in order to ask her hand in marriage, but their obstacle becomes Kates unreasonable conviction that Larry will someday return. Chriss idolization of his father results in his devastation when he finds out the truth about what Joe did. Ann Deever Ann, 26, arrives at the Keller home having shunned her guilty father since his imprisonment. Throughout the play, Ann is often referred to as pretty, beautiful, and intelligent-looking. She had a relationship with Larry Keller before his disappearance, and has since moved on because she knows the truth of his fate. She hopes that the Kellers will consent to her marriage with Larrys brother, Chris, with whom she has corresponded by mail for two years. Ann soon finds out that the neighbors all believe that Joe is guilty, and eventually finds out the truth after a visit from her older brother George. Ann is the knowledge-bearer in the play: finally, unable to convince Kate that Larry is gone forever, Ann reveals a letter from Larry stating his intention to commit suicide having heard of her father’s imprisonment. George Deever – George, 31, is Ann’s older brother: a successful New York lawyer and WWII veteran, and a childhood friend of Chris. He initially believed in his father’s guilt, but upon visiting Steve in jail, realizes his innocence and becomes enraged at the Kellers for deceiving him. He returns to save his sister from her marriage to Chris, creating the catalyst that destroys the Keller family. Frank Lubey – Frank, 32, was always one year ahead of the draft, so he never served in World War II, instead staying home to marry Georges former sweetheart, Lydia. He draws up Larrys horoscope and tells Kate that Larry must still be alive, because the day he died was meant to be his favorable day. This strengthens Kates faith and makes it much harder for Ann to reveal the letter to her. Lydia Lubey Lydia, 27, was Georges love interest before the war; after he went away, she married Frank and they quickly had three children. She is a model of peaceful domesticity and lends a much-needed cheerful air to several moments of the play. Jim Bayliss – Jim is a successful doctor, but is frustrated with the stifling domesticity of his life. He wants to become a medical researcher, but continues in his job as it pays the bills. He is a close friend to the Keller family and spends a lot of time in their backyard. Sue Bayliss Sue is Jims wife: needling and dangerous but affectionate, she too is a friend of the Keller family, but is secretly resentful of what she sees as Chriss bad idealistic influence on Jim. Sue confronts Ann about her resentment of Chris in a particularly volatile scene, revealing to Ann that the neighbors all think Joe is guilty. Bert – Bert is a little boy who lives in the neighborhood; he is friends with the Bayliss son Tommy and frequently visits the Kellers yard to play jail with Joe. He only appears twice in the play. The first time he appears, his part seems pretty unimportant , but the second time he appears his character gets more important as he sparks a verbal attack from mother when mentioning jail, which highlights Joes secret. [edit] Unseen characters Larry Keller Larry has been MIA for some years at the start of the play, however he has an effect in the play through his mothers insistence that he is still alive and his brothers love for his childhood sweetheart. Comparisons are made in the story between Larry and Chris with their father describing Larry as the more sensible one with a head for business. At the end of the play, Ann reveals a letter written by Larry pronouncing him committing suicide out of shame for what his father did. Steve Deever (Peter Smell in the 1947 movie) George and Anns father. Steve is sent to prison for the shipping of faulty parts a crime which he and the successfully exonerated Keller committed. [edit] Synopsis [edit] Act I [pic] The Penguin edition of All My Sons The play begins on a Sunday in late August 1946. Joe Keller is reading the Sunday paper and talking to his neighbors, Dr. Jim Bayliss and Frank Lubey. Frank talks about a horoscope for Joes son Larry that he is compiling for Kate Keller, Joe’s wife. Jims wife, Sue, and Franks wife, Lydia, each make brief appearances. Ann Deever, the Kellers former next-door-neighbor, has come to visit the family and is asleep upstairs. While waiting for her, Joe and Chris talk about Larrys memorial tree, which has blown down during the night. Larry was reported missing during World War II and is presumed dead, as there has been no contact with him for more than three years. Kate clings to the hope that he will come back, but Chris feels that it is wrong to keep up such a pretence for her. Bert comes by to play jail with Joe and runs off to patrol the neighborhood. Chris admits to his father that he wants to marry Ann; however, Ann was Larry’s girlfriend before he served in World War II, and since Kate does not believe Larry to be dead, Ann is still technically Larrys girl. By marrying Ann, Chris is effectively pronouncing Larry dead, so Joe fears that Kate will object to the proposal of marriage. Kate emerges and describes her nightmare from the evening before; it is about Larry falling from his plane and crying her name. She objects when Chris tells her that the family should try to forget Larry. Kate admits to Joe that she is suspicious about why Ann has come to visit; she tells him that she knows that Ann believes with her that Larry is still alive, and tells Joe that he must keep believing also. Bert reappears, but is harshly banished by Kate. When Ann finally comes down, everyone talks about how beautiful and mature she looks, and the family engages in smalltalk until Kate asks Ann if she is still waiting for Larry. Ann says that she is not, and realizes for the first time how deeply Kates hope runs. It is revealed that Steve Deever, Ann’s father, is serving time for the deaths of 21 pilots who crashed over Australia due to the faulty cylinder heads shipped out by the Keller/Deever factory in 1943. Keller insists that it was Steves crime and recalls how he successfully appealed against his conviction for the crime while Steve remained in prison. Keller reacts strongly to Anns conviction that her father is guilty. Ann has refused all contact with her father since Larry was reported missing, and insists that her fathers actions may have related to Larrys death. When Chris and Ann are left alone in the yard, they reveal their love for each other; however, Ann senses that Chris seems somehow ashamed, and asks him to tell her about it so their relationship can be an honest one. Chris recounts his experience of losing his company during a battle in the War. He is still angry that at home, life has continued as normal, and this affects his ability to accept the gift of having Ann. Joe emerges and tells Ann that her brother George is on the phone from Columbus. Joe tells Chris that he mustnt feel ashamed of the family money; then Ann comes out and reveals that George is coming back to the house after visiting his father in prison for the first time, and Joe is clearly worried. [edit] Act II As they come out, Chris is removing Larrys fallen tree and the family is inside getting ready for dinner. Kate confides in Chris Kellers concern that George may bring up the case again, and says she wont live through it if he does. Ann emerges and is met with Kates acerbic wit and Chriss assurance that they will tell her of their marriage plans tonight. Sue Bayliss interrupts Anns solo reverie by searching for Jim, and they share a drink of juice. Sue asks Ann to move away from the area if she and Chris marry because Chris’ idealism is negatively affecting her husband Jim. Jim had always wanted to become a medical reseacher but never followed through because Chris idealistic ideas kept him from doing so. Sue implies Joes guilt and insists that Chris and everyone else know something about it. Ann defends Chris, saying that he wouldn’t take money out of the plant if there was anything wrong with it, but she becomes disturbed because Chris told her that the case was all forgotten. Chris reassures Ann by telling her he wouldn’t be able to forgive his father if he had murdered the pilots. Anns faith in Chris is restored, and they and Joe share conversation in the yard. Joe offers Steve a job for when he gets out of jail, but Ann insists that Joe owes Steve nothing and Chris refuses to have him at the plant. Jim enters, having gone to pick George up from the train. He warns Chris and Ann that George is angry and should be driven somewhere to talk, a proposition which Chris promptly refuses. A loud argument ensues, in which George tries to convince Ann that Chris knows Joe is guilty, having allowed his father to take the blame for shipping the damaged parts, and Ann is caught between the two men that she loves, unable to make them reconcile with each other. Kate enters, causing Chris and George to halt their argument; she is extraordinarily happy about seeing Georgie and pacifies him enough to settle everyone down for a time. Keller then enters; George reluctantly greets him. Then Lydia emerges and her past relationship with George is then revealed. Lydia has had three children and shows George the life on which he missed out while he was serving in World War II. Ann goes inside to call a cab for George, having insisted that he must leave on the next train and not start a fight. Keller asks George about Steve and then argues that throughout Steve’s life he never took responsibility for his own actions, so he must be guilty now. Just when it seems that George is convinced and he agrees to stay for dinner, Kate tells him that Keller has never been sick in fifteen years, thereby disproving Kellers earlier alibi that he had the flu on the day that Steve allowed the cracked heads to be shipped, and was not able to come to the office. George latches on to this slip of the tongue and begins to interrogate Joe. Frank rushes in with Larrys finished horoscope and asserts that the day Larry was supposed to have died was his favorable day and he must therefore be alive somewhere in the world. Kate believes him unhesitatingly and tells Ann that she packed her bag and that Ann must leave with George. Ann insists that she will stay until Chris tells her to go, and reluctantly tells George to leave, running after him to try to make amends. Chris tries to insist that he will marry Ann, but Kate finally tells him that if Larry is dead, Joe killed him. Chris understands this to mean that Joe was guilty of shipping the faulty parts. Which means that Joe would have been responsible for Larrys death. Keller at last admits his guilt, but justifies his actions saying that if he had done it for his family. And if he went that day the factory would have been shut down and he would have lost money needed to support his family. Chris rejects this explanation, telling Joe that his responsibility to his country sometimes outweighs that to his business and family. Chris storms off, leaving Joe worn out and heart brokenly guilty. edit] Act III Kate waits on the back porch for Chris- he took the car six hours before and has not come back yet. Jim enters and consoles Kate before the entrance of Joe. Ann has stayed in her room for those six hours: having seen Chris storm out of the house, she now knows the truth about Keller’s gui lt. Joe insists that Chris just doesnt understand what responsibility for family means, and that Larry knew better what the business was all about. Joe tells Kate that he did it all for her and their two sons. When Ann emerges, she asks Kate to tell Chris that she knows Larry is dead, so that Chris will no longer feel ashamed about his love for Ann. Kate still insists that Larry is alive; Ann insists that she loved him and wouldnt have even considered marrying anyone else if she werent sure hed died. Finally, Ann asks Joe to go into the house and produces a letter that Larry wrote her the day he died; she tells Kate that she didnt bring the letter to hurt the family, but both are devastated by the final destruction of Kates hope. Chris returns and tells Ann and Kate that he is going away to Cleveland to start over; he rejects Ann when she begs to go with him, saying that he can no longer bear to look at his father but can also not bring himself to send him to prison as he deserves and therefore is not a moral and strong enough man for her. When Joe enters, he confronts Chris and they argue about Joes guilt. Ann rushes forward and gives Larrys letter to Chris; Kate tries to take it away from him and to prevent Joe from hearing it, but it is too late. Chris reads the letter aloud: it describes how, upon learning about the investigation into the incident and his realization of his fathers guilt, Larry couldnt bear to live anymore; he told Ann that he knew hed be reported missing and that she mustnt wait for him. All realize that Joe was responsible for Larrys death: Although Larrys plane did not have a cracked cylinder head in it, Larry found out that his father was not the kind of man he thought hed been. He took his own life by crashing his plane during a mission rather than face the disillusionment he could now see through. On hearing this news, Keller goes inside the house to get his jacket and turn himself in; but while Chris and Kate argue about sending him to prison and Ann watches the results of the letter unfold, a shot is heard. Joe has committed suicide. Ann runs off to find Dr. Bayliss, and Chris and Kate are left alone in a final tableau of their grief. [edit] Timeline of events in the play The precise date of events in the play are unclear, however it is possible to construct a timeline of the back-story to All My Sons using the dialogue of the play. The play is set in August 1946, in the mid-west of the USA with the main story set between Sunday morning and a little after two oclock the following morning. 5] †¢ Autumn 1943: Joe allows Steve to supply the USAAF with faulty cylinder heads which cause the planes to crash. †¢ Autumn 1943: Twenty-one planes crash and Joe and Steve are arrested †¢ November 25 1943: Larry crashes his plane off the coast of China having read about his fathers imprisonment. †¢ 1944: Joe is released from prison †¢ Friday in August 1946: Ann visits Chris †¢ Saturday in August, 1946: Larrys memorial blown down †¢ Sunday morning in August 1946: George visits Steve †¢ Sunday morning in August 1946: Opening of the play [edit] Links to Greek tragedy Arthur Miller’s writing in All My Sons often shows great respect for the great Greek tragedies of the likes of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. In these plays the tragic hero or protagonist will commit an offence, often unknowingly, which will return to haunt him, sometimes many years later. The play encapsulates all the fallout from the offense into a 24 hour time span. During that day, the protagonist must learn his fault and suffer as a result, and perhaps even die. In this way the gods are shown to be just and moral order is restored. In All My Sons, these elements are all present; it takes place within a 24 hour period, has a protagonist suffering from a previous offense, and punishment for that offense. Additionally, it explores the father-son relationship, also a common theme in Grecian tragedies. Ann Deever could also be seen to parallel a messenger as her letter is proof of Larrys death. The Greek plays, and those of Shakespeare two thousand years later, are about kings, dukes or great generals, because at that time these individuals were thought to embody or represent the whole people. Nowadays, we do not perceive the upper classes as most representational. When writers want to show a person who represents a nation or class, they typically invent a fictional â€Å"ordinary† person, the Man in the Street or Joe Public. In Joe Keller, Arthur Miller creates just such a representative type. Joe is a very ordinary man, decent, hard-working and charitable, a man no-one could dislike. But, like the protagonist of the ancient drama, he has a flaw or weakness. This, in turn, causes him to act wrongly. He is forced to accept responsibility his suicide is necessary to restore the moral order of the universe, and allows his son, Chris, to live free from guilt and persecution. Arthur Miller later uses the everyman in a criticism of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman, which is in many ways similar to All My Sons. [edit] Themes [edit] Responsibility, Society and the Generation Gap The play focuses on Joe Keller’s conflict of responsibilities, his responsibility to his family and that to wider society. He originally believes that he is justified in sending cracked cylinder heads and causing the deaths of 21 pilots, as this allowed his family to make money and allowed his son Chris to inherit the family business. Keller justifies his actions as he thinks he has a higher obligation to his family over society, to Keller there is nothing greater than the family Im his father and hes my son, and if theres anything bigger than that Ill put a bullet in my head! and Miller criticizes what he would consider a myopic world view. The major theme of All My Sons is Arthur Miller’s belief that people have a wider responsibility to the society in which they live, and this is something that Chris, Joes son, is aware of and believes in. Unlike his father, Chris feels society and other people play a main part in a persons responsibility, as when he finds the truth out about his fathers actions; he is horrified What the hell are you? You’re not even an animal, no animal kills his own, what are you? What must I do to you? I ought to tear the tongue out of your mouth, what must I do? and here it is possible Chris has become a sort of spokesperson for Arthur Miller in the play. Keller seems to still not understand his sons anguish, as his responses are Chris my Chris Not until Larrys letter is revealed to him, does Keller finally see the point of view of the next generation. Only after hearing Larrys letter does he reply to Chris question Do you get it now!? with Yes I think I do and then lead into where the plays title comes from when Joe Keller eventually realizes that they were all my sons in one sense. Keller kills himself in the final few pages of the play, leaving Kate on her own, the one thing she has always been said to fear, but the truth seems to give her a sort of strength in itself, as she tells her hysterical son Chris in the last line of the play, to live forget now live finally freeing him of the obligation of living with any feeling of responsibility for Kellers suicide. Sources Needed [edit] American Dream All My Sons is a criticism of the American Dream. Joe Keller, a representative type who would be considered an ordinary American, has lived through the Depression and despite a lack of education he has been able to own a factory, which he hopes his son will inherit. However, Keller’s quest for money leads to his responsibility for the deaths of 21 American pilots. Keller has apparently achieved the American Dream he lives in a comfortable house despite being an uneducated man. Miller is emphasizing the hollowness of the American Dream and that one should think about the consequences of our actions. However, this material comfort which Keller has worked to provide his family with the very best is of little consequence. His strong family unit is an illusion his wife is ill, Chris is discontent and Larry has committed suicide as a result of his fathers narrow-minded and reprehensible decision. It is through the letter from Larry that Keller realizes that he has not only killed one son but all of his sons, a theme which is reiterated by the title of the play. In conclusion, the American Dream has become more like an American Nightmare. Chris shows moral responsibility while his father Joe shows intense family responsibility. [edit] Wartime Profiteering Another theme of All My Sons is wartime profiteering. As there were large contracts when America entered the war on two fronts, the conditions were created for what Arthur Miller described as profiteering on a vast scale. Chris Keller is particularly angry that his selflessness in fighting in the war is contrasted by the selfishness of those making money off the war. [edit] Death Death is another key theme in All My Sons. Kate Keller refuses to accept her son’s death. She denies the possibility of this death for a long time. Recognizing the death of her son would mean that she recognizes that her husband was responsible. This is an issue that constantly weighs on Kate throughout the work. The tree is a symbol that represents that Larry is still alive, and when the tree gets knocked down Kate still refuses to believe that her son is in danger. When Chris finds out his father is responsible for killing the 21 pilots, he replies I was dying every day and you were killing my boys and it is very notable Chris refers to the pilots as his boys and says I was dying every day; making them closer to himself and trying to indicate to the audience the extent of which he feels he has moral obligation to society.

The Old English Language Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Old English Language - Research Paper Example Sandwich, for demonstration, is spoken as "samwich". "D" is omitted and "N" becomes "m", and it makes simpler to pronounce. (Gardiner A 2003) Earlier than the Anglo-Saxons invaded, is the Language voiced in the British Isles were Celtic Jutes and Angles Saxons in the UK population their tribes were at conflict with the indigenous persons and shoved them back to the West and North to what is now Scotland and Wales. (Crystal D 1998) The initial Celtic Language still exists as Gaelic, Welsh, Breton and the Isle of Man. This is a new locality became the ground of the Anglo-Saxon or Angle-land ". The Language was alike to Modern Frisian. Old English three dialects: About 850, the Vikings invaded and leveraged by the Language of numerous North German phrases in their Language of Old Norse. The Language utilized in this time span (500-1100) called Old English. Christian missionaries presented the literacy and Language soaked up numerous Latin phrases, particularly phrases attached with the church. Old English Language was initially in writing in runic alphabet called Runic alphabet. It occurred out of 24 Runes Elder Futhark. It was in writing level in any direction. Similarly, the phrase alphabet is entitled after the Greek phrase alpha + beta. Many of the notes in the runic alphabet apparently resemble the Modern matching of (B, R, F, T, P and M). Graddol D et al, (2001) Middle English time span, it is tough to determine. The Normans invaded in 1066 and their leverage of the French Language to English, but not immediately. Middle English is said to start round 1150. When the Normans conquered England, French became the Language of power. French-speaking barons, abbots and bishops were in location in the name function in England. There was a tributary of French merchants and craftsmen who have traversed the boundary to take benefit of enterprise opportunities.

Compare & Contrast Argumentation on Visual Art and Musical Art Essay

Compare & Contrast Argumentation on Visual Art and Musical Art - Essay Example Below are two instances of artists and their visual artwork they have performed in this world’s nature. Spencer Tunick is an American artist internationally known for organizing and photographing enormous nude conversations in public spaces. His profession has generated excellent controversies regarding the public space juxtaposition, nudity an art. Tunick refers to these occasions like temporary site-specific installation. Spencer Tunick established an international project named as Nude Adrift that objected to executing at least on enduring installation in all seven continents. The project was differently undertaken in each destination composing the tannery. Tunick was backpacking with his girlfriend in some countries and a small group of people. At those countries, he did not have any organizational support and the installations resulted in most personal portrait. However, in some other nations, his installations were possible due to a partnership that museum and arts organizations such as the Musee d’Art are contemporizing in Montreal and the Melbourne Fringe Festival which gave him funding and structure. His installations surprised all expectations in all the countries he attended grouping 2000 volunteerism Montreal and over four thousand in Melbourne5. His artistic work made him succeed in all of his works he performed. (Louise et al 22-23). The aspiration of Christo and Jeanne-Claude is to build major public works of art for New York that started when they emigrated from Europe in 1964. In the 1970s while creating projects elsewhere but continuing to live and toil in New York, they remained perpetrated to succeeding in completing major fieldwork of art in the city. Their attention turned towards the vast flow of people walking through the streets. The resulting proposal was the Gates that was a project directly linked to the human scale to be sited in central Pak. The projects temporally quality are an artistic decision.

Russias Foreign Policy towards Georgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Russias Foreign Policy towards Georgia - Essay Example If we should choose just one word that would most accurately describe Russian foreign policy, it would definetely be the word "pragmatic". In April 2005 while visiting Israel, Putin was asked if Russia is attempting to regain its status of global superpower, as it was as Soviet union during the Cold war era. Putin answered in a quite evasive manner, that the expenses required by such ambition would most certainly exceed the possible benefits from acquiring such position on the world scene, and he added that Russia already is a "great country" with important influence on the countries of the North and South hemisphere. The aspiration of becoming superpower again is not even explicitly declared in the basic foreign policy document we have already mentioned. Not only does it recede from such foreign aspirations, it also lacks the term "superpower" in its provisions, as this is not being used at all. In particular, it states almost the opposite that Russia attempts to become part of the multipolar system of international relations that truly reflects the diversity of modern world and the multiplicity of interest within its policies and needs (Arbatov 311). Still, it is evident that what is Russia really trying the achieve is the status of world superpower, different from the type of superpower Soviet union once was and achieved by different means. Soviet union was the superpower based on ideological antagonism to its Cold war rival the USA, or the West in general. On the contrary, modern Russian federation is certainly not interested in polarizing the world ideologically. Putins answer he provided during his Israel visit referred to the fact, that the role of superpower in effect paradoxically contributed to the fall of Soviet empire, which had global political influence, but paid a great price for only a little political or military gains, with no allies worth and efficiently strong. Russia chose a different way of declaring such ambitions that have always been an integral and essential part of its foreign policy. The foreign policy objective currently manifested by Russia, especially after events in Georgia in summer of 2008, is to resist the hegemony of the West, especially USA and EU, and the way they use, or even abuse, their post-Cold war power in the international political system and relations. The key instrument for the erosion the the Western hegemony (as Russia understands the situation in international relations) is not the composition of a solid "pact" of the states uncompromisingly opposing the West, but rather some coalition of states based on the pragmatic and nonideological relations, primarily on economic and military ties (Bobo Lo 163). This is undoubtedly the main reason why Russia preserves a very good relations with "potential superpowers" such as China, India and Brasil. Simultaneously, Russia is building a close ties

Global Economic Business a Substitute for Warfare Dissertation

Global Economic Business a Substitute for Warfare - Dissertation Example Why are you doing it? For this, a large number of literatures have been referred. It takes into account the nature and types, and reviews some of the leading theories of war and the manner in which they are related to the business corporation. It mainly focuses on the element of competition and all other aspects that are related to it. The main objective of the research report is to justify and analyse the statement – ‘Global Economic Business a Substitute for Warfare’. The research includes an extensive survey of literature with the purpose of finding relevant information that will provide a comprehensive understanding of the present scenario of business environment throughout the world. The report also includes the major findings of the research along with its proper analysis. In this report articles of renowned authors have been referred from various sources like online journals, books etc. Most of them have been authored by renowned authors across the globe. The articles relate the various aspects of war with modern day businesses. The simi larity has been shown so as to get a better understanding as to whether war is a substuotute for business.(You might discuss briefly the type/kinds of material you studied) Finally, the study also includes a primary research study and data analysis in the form of a questionnaire survey to determine find out whether economic business could be referred to as a substitute for warfare. The questionnaire survey would be analyzed using SPSS and correlation and regression analysis etc various analytical tools and software. The response generated from the survey would be evaluated to find out the respondents’ view regarding the topic of study. War has been in the memory of with human beings since time immemorial.

Technology in the classroom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology in the classroom - Research Paper Example This enhances growth of better collaboration skills among students. In these interactions, students engage in discourses on different topics that may not be allocated time in class schedules (Pitler et. al., 2012). The assertion that students lack the ability to interact with their present peers because of interacting with technology is partly true. This is because interaction with technology or with peers over a medium of technology requires concentration that would otherwise go to present peers. However, it is perfectly possible to adjudicate the two so that students can interact with those who are far across the globe whilst interacting with those in their present environments. Whereas some cite that the confidence that students have questioning things while interacting via technology is temporary and short lived, it provides a chance for students to challenge the things with which they are not comfortable. This offers an advantage over face-to-face interaction that intimidates and scares students from being open to certain thing. Technology enables students to carry out tasks of high complexity with ease (Shelly et. al.,

The religious aspect of young goodman brown Research Paper

The religious aspect of young goodman brown - Research Paper Example The story of Brown alerts one to the dangers that are inherent in the puritan life that stifles the creativity of man and the only recourse that his imagination has is to resurface in his dreams where they display an unhealthy tendency to distort the boundaries between reality and illusion. Much of the analysis of this short story has followed the contributions of psychoanalysis to our understanding of the nature of dreams and the repressed. They have helped in the understanding of the story as one that critiques the excessive control of religion over the life of an individual. Hawthorne’s critique is leveled against the religious fervor that the puritan establishments of New England, where the story is set, has displayed, since the migration of people from England to America in search of a new colony to create a land that would be a model to the rest of the planet in their adherence to Christian ideals. Hawthorne deals not only with Christian ideas but also with the prejudice s that Christian settlers had regarding Native American religion and rituals. Relegated to the margins of the white settlements, these original inhabitants of America are labeled as the friends of the devil. Hawthorne’s story of Goodman Brown manages to have some sympathy for the condition of the Native Americans but is guilty on many an occasion of referring to the devil and the powwow in the same breath. But then, the entire story revolves around a recognition of the fact that everybody is a sinner, at least in the mind. Hawthorne sets his story in the forest near the village of Salem. The forest, according to Reginald Cook, is set in opposition to the house which represents the outward appearance of the man and his spotless reputation. The forest on the other hand, abounds in â€Å"demonic presences† and â€Å"ancestral spirits† that represent elements of pagan religions that are set in opposition to the Christian atmosphere of the house and the village (Cook ). It is implicit that civilization is necessarily Christian and the absence of Christianity means an absence of a civilized ethos. This amounts to a rejection of extremely complex religious beliefs that other cultures, including Native American civilizations, had. This was a very important aspect of the puritan establishment which used religion as a cover for the imperial designs of Britain. By belittling the beliefs of a certain civilization and setting oneself as the person who needs to introduce civilization in a particular place, one fails to incorporate in one’s way of living, which is what religion essentially is, the beliefs of anther community that may serve to enhance the quality of one’s life. Brown, as well as critics of Young Goodman Brown is often guilty of mistaking appearance with reality, says David Levin in his essay, Shadows of Doubt: Specters of Evidence in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† (Levin). The appearance of the devil may be connected to the real devil, since there are enough indications to that effect. However, other characters can merely be a figment of the imagination of the character in the story. In any case, there is a great deal of ambiguity regarding the fact as to whether the events in the story are real or an illusion. The illusionary nature of the events may be interpreted as a dream or as an imagined

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer - Essay Example So my plans are to find out what error is preventing my firewall form being able to be scanned. I will also take protective measures in establishing password expirations for my user accounts. Overall, I’m not surprised at the results of my security assessment due to the fact that I’m the only user of this computer, and I exercise safe practices while using it, and I only use it on an as needed basis. MBSA is multi-threaded and has the capacity to scan a whole domain and extensive address range within a short time frame. One MBSA system can operate a scanning process in a few seconds to several minutes; however, this depends on the number of user machines. A lot of time is usually taken in scanning for weak passwords when utilizing MBSA machines. Such tests involve checking empty passwords together with common password dimensions such as: The name of the machine, user name, and administrator. In order to avoid frequent checking of passwords, it is pertinent to scan a person’s premises more often. When the weak passwords are not tested or checked, the option for testing (Checking) passwords for Windows accounts as well as SQL accounts are disabled (Fahland and Schultze, 2010). Majority of users log on to computers or in to remote computers through utilization of a combined user name and a password keyed into the keyboard. In spite the fact that there exist various alternative technologies meant for authentication ranging from; smartcards, biometrics as well as instant passwords, a good number of organizations to some extent continue to rely on traditional passwords; this is projected to continue for sometime. It is therefore imperative that organizations formulate and implement password policies to guide the use of their computers such as the use stronger passwords. Such passwords possess the required level of complexity characterized by the character facets and the length dimensions. This feature makes it hard to hard such passwords.

View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

View from the Bridge Essay A view from the bridge: a kind of metaphorical title the obvious bridge is the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Italian immigrants had been coming to New York for a long time and they tended to gather in communities as America is a very multi racial cosmopolitan area. Catherines aspirations are to cross the bridge to go out, to work, and to go out with her lover Rodolfo. 1) Home: poor and simple but they open it to show their generosity- opportunity to show their loyalty to the Sicilian family. But Eddie says it is his home so he is entitled to his respect provider, it represents food, clothing, the upbringing not just the physical home. Catherines view gratitude for home and she wants to get a job to then pay for furniture for the home e. g. rug. Simple home and cosy, small Beatrices world but is still shared by all people. It represents the hard work and poverty yet the generosity of the people. Workers flat, clean, the flat is Eddies space and his home he wants his respect. Generosity show by: B! Your cousins and yet she is not annoyed for having to look after people and have extra mouths to feed, simply embarrassed as the host: didnt even buy a new tablecloth. Catherine wants to repay Eddie and B for bringing her up. When she gets a job and has enough money she wants a rug and new plates etc she is proud of the home but wants to contribute now she has come of age excitement. Pg 11. The idea is that these people are poor it is a struggle to keep going and they offer shelter to Sicilian relatives and immigrants to get work and send money back to their family. Their willingness to share and Eddies duty to look after family means hard physical work. The home and the family itself have their tensions, jealousies and loyalties. Beatrice does not work her place is in the home. Eddie where, where am I going? This is my house page 61. Massive change before and after Marco and Rodolfo arrive- before; love, poverty but warmth and humour, cosy, struggle Eddie = provider the family with laughter and nurture, welcome and generosity in food, shelter and roof in spite of lack of wealth, loyalty- Catherine looked after and brought up here. After, in Act 2, the home changes to mean respect and his name I want my name back! Hatred, Bad relationships, coldness, tears, fighting the generosity now needs to be owed back this is how you repay me? now deserving something in return. 2) Street: Alfieri tells him that there is no law nothing that Eddie can do to stop Rodolfo and Catherine he must let her go. The only way is to betray them and give them up to the authority as illegal immigrants but the Italian community will take revenge like they did with the young boy whose head bounced like coconuts. Loyalty lies with family and to Sicilian immigrants. Eddie has to rid of Rodolfo to betray the family. Bowling, Louis. Brooklyn paramount where Catherine and Rodolfo see the film. 3) Place of work: Red Hook docks, waterfront, long shore men, piers, plumbers yard. Red Hook docks signify mans world sea breeze links to Sicily and Italy, the comradeship of the men e. g. you coming bowling tonight Eddie? they are good friends, hard physical work and mafia links illegal immigrants come on the ship called submarines they are brought in, own dockers slang, word is associated with the docks and the sea. The labour you feed and keep your family. Miller creates an impression of the docks as a place of manliness but gives an air of underlying Italian immigrants. We learn that they are called submarines. Smells of coffee and bananas and spiders when unloading rough district where Catherine wants to work Eddie is very protective as it is not a place for women. Plumbers yard around where Catherine wants to work, plenty can happen in a block away. Red Hook build huge ships, all about the docks and hard work grafting. Eddie gets embarrassed of Rodolfo he is not manly enough he sings on the docks! For immigrants the work is easy to get, until the mafia are paid off, then they have to scramble like everyone else. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Demand Determination Of Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Demand Determination Of Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Price of hotel depend upon their services provided and market price of another hotal and thought the hotels will increase their published tariff by 5-10 across the board from October this year. Inflation in food, recession, rupee depreciation which has increased our import cost of products and FB from abroad, and the overall hike in service tax are a few reasons why hotels will hike the published tariff after months. Price provide on the basis of their location and preference of customer. Income of target consumer India occupies the sixty-eighth position among the top tourist destinations in the world for 2011. To encourage the tourism sector, the government in recent times, has taken some measures which will benefit the sector. According to the latest Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research, released by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8.2 % between 2010 and 2019. This will place India at the third position in the world. Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in the world. Capital investment in Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8.8 % between 2010 and 2019. And services for all income level of people and services for business class people tourist and vesting people Availability of finance The major source of financing to hotel industry tourism finance cooperation of India (TFCI) has been providing specific project-related services to various clients. It has also undertaken appraisal of individual projects for various state government agencies/individual clients. TFCI has also successfully handled projects involving development of viable project concepts around lakes/water bodies , development of a multi-facility amusement park complex etc TFCI has been providing specific project-related services to various clients. Replacement of demand The demand of the hotel industry is directly connected with global and local economic growth and investor confidence. A strong underlying economy is a pre-requisite for sustained recovery. Unfortunately, the year 2011 has not been a year of economic recovery either in India or globally. After two exceptionally bad years, the global hospitality industry was expected to recover in 2011. Despite encouraging signs in the first half of 2011, there was growing uncertainty during the latter part of the year. As a result, recovery has been fragile during 2011. The situation in India mirrors this overall global trend. Indias rapid economic growth has already set the stage for fundamental changes in the countrys population. With more disposable income, the demand for travel and tourism has also grown. Although, currently domestic tourists constitute a very small chuck of the total tourist pie, the segment is growing. Promotion schemes For attracting more foreign and domestic tourists to India, Department of Tourism has taken up several drives. The objectives of this scheme are, The Scheme aims at enlisting the support of NRIs, preferably NROs to promote Orissa as a preferred destination among their friends and acquaintances. They could be Businessmen, Housewives, Students or any other professional who in their spare time motivate their friends to visit Orissa. They shall be disseminating information on Orissa Tourism and market Orissa Tourism products amongst their friends and relatives along with potential tourists visiting the State. They will be enrolled as Special Tourism Promotion Officers, STPO who will be entitled to get some incentives on the business generated through them while the tourists booked through them will get some discount. Their enrollment will be honorary and they will be only entitled for incentives on the business generated through them. They cannot create any lien or liability on behalf of the State Department of Tourism India Ministry of Tourism would also provide financial assistance to tourism service providers approved by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Excise duty structure In recent years government has taken several steps to boost travel tourism which have benefited hotel industry in India. These include the abolishment of the inland air travel tax of 15%; reduction in excise duty on aviation turbine fuel to 8%; and removal of a number of restrictions on outbound chartered flights, including those relating to frequency and size of aircraft. The governments recent decision to treat convention centres as part of core infrastructure, allowing the government to provide critical funding for the large capital investment that may be required has also fuelled the demand for hotel rooms According to a report, Hotel Industry in India currently has supply of 110,000 rooms and there is a shortage of 150,000 rooms fueling hotel room rates across India. According to estimates demand is going to exceed supply by at least 100% over the next 2 years. Five-star hotels in metro cities allot same room, more than once a day to different guests, receiving almost 24-hour rates from both guests against 6-8 hours usage. With demand-supply disparity, hotel rates in India are likely to rise by 25% annually and occupancy by 80%, over the next two years. This will affect the competitiveness of India as a cost-effective tourist destination. Prospects In the long term, the demand-supply gap in India is very real and that there is need for more hotels in most cities. The shortage is especially true within the budget and the mid market segment. There is an urgent need for budget and mid market hotels in the country as travelers look for safe and affordable accommodation. Various domestic and international brands have made significant inroads into this space and more are expected to follow as the potential for this segment of hotels becomes more obvious. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) expects growth to continue for the tourism sector in 2012, although at a slower rate. It forecasts international tourist arrivals to grow in the range of 3% to 4% in 2012. WTTC indicates that this growth will be moderate as the bounce-back for tourism destinations that faced specific challenges last year, will be offset by a weaker performance in other countries. Travel tourism in India is expected to perform well in 2012. UNWTO predicts that India will receive 25 million foreign tourists by the year 2015. Despite the economic and political scenarios worldwide, demand for business travel has remained relatively robust. Companies are likely to increase spends and the multiplier effect of healthy salary increases will drive discretionary spending, especially on leisure travel. The affluent segments plan to spend more on travel in 2012, creating opportunities for the hospitality sector in the luxury space Indias room supply pipeline represents 17% of the Asia-Pacific pipeline. It was moving at a CAGR of 10.8% for last 10 years and is now poised to grow at a CAGR of 6% in next 5 years. The intense supply pipeline would be backed by addition of room capacity by all the hotels both in India and Internationally. The supply pipeline would beef up also on account of improved foreign tourist arrivals, corporate travels, etc. International hotels like Carlson, Strawood, Marriot, etc are the ones which have chalked out plans to acquire the sufficient market share, thus, giving a thrust to the Indi an supply pipeline. profile of players in the Industry Best Hotel Chains of India Taj Group of hotels in India: The most popular name that is almost synonymous to hospitality in India is that of the Taj Group. Offering the best hotels across various genres like business hotels, heritage resorts, luxury hotels and even sea resorts, the Taj Group is definitely the best in the field. The Oberoi Group of Hotels in India: One of the most prominent names among the hotel chains of India is the Oberoi Group. It also owns several properties in exotic places like Australia and Mauritius. With its world class facilities and efficient staff to manage and play the perfect Indian hosts, the Oberoi hotels is no doubt a great feather on the grand cap of tourism in India. Hotal leela One of the finest hotel groups in India, with hotels in Mumbai, Bangalore, Goa, Kovalam, Gurgaon, Udaipur and New Delhi, The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts provide the discerning business and leisure travellers with a warm, relaxed and most importantly, memorable stay with an unrivaled fusion of Indian hospitality, world-class service and amenities. Hallmarking the essence of India, at every Leela Hotel, you will find stories that await you at every nook and cranny and the fine line between business hotels and luxury resorts seamlessly merge. The proximity to international airports and central business districts, strategic locations, individuality, and the intrinsic Indian culture and heritage distinguishes the group from the rest.  The Guest is God philosophy truly represents The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts. 5. Distribution channel How the customer books his room can make a big difference to a hotels bottom line. Intermediaries can take a good chunk out the gross amount a guest pays for his overnight. A room booked through a travel agent and the GDS (global distribution system) typically costs the hotel 15% of the reservations total. Contrary to popular belief, third-party websites are no bargain either for the hotelier, as they keep about 13% of a bookings value. So-called merchant websites (such as Priceline.com or Hotwire) which basically buy inventory from hotels usually average a 33% mark-up on the rooms they sell. Bookings arriving via the central reservation system of voluntary chains (such as Minotel) can cream over 25% of the clients original payment between travel agent, tour operator and chain fees. Many tour operators working in mass leisure destinations only pay 50%-60% of the normal room price to the hotelier who is lodging their clients. Fortunately for hoteliers, the predominant distribution channel for hotels remains direct contact with the property (via telephone, fax or e-mail), which, according to Horwaths Worldwide Hotel Industry Study, accounted for 34% of all advance reservations in 2002, but which is down from 38% in 1995 . This proportion varies between 27.5% for hotels in Africa and the Middle East and 40.5% for hotels in Europe. Thus, overnights generated by electronic means of distribution still constitute much less than half of the total at about 24% (includes travel agent and GDS in figure 1 below). Although internet distribution has grown rapidly from (0.8% of the total in 1996 to 3.3% currently, according to Horwath), it is still relatively unimportant. Furthermore, this study predicts a rise to a total of 20% of bookings by internet in 2005, split 11% own website and 9%- third party. Jupiter Media Matrix makes a slightly less optimistic prediction, forecasting the percentage to rise from 7% in 2001 to 16% by 2007. Hotel companies use both rate parity and rate integrity while selling their hotel rooms. Rate parity can be defined as maintaining consistent rates for the same product in all online distribution channels regardless of what commission the OTA makes. The concept of rate integrity isnt as clear cut with some arguing it is simply trust in the fair price of a room.   In general though, rate integrity isnt something concrete; it is something the hotelier must have in mind when setting rates. Whether its maintaining integrity through rate parity by justifying price discounts, avoiding price slashes, or a combination of all these practices, it is important for hoteliers to have a consistent rational rate structure, says Mourier. As hotels compete and try to step up their direct online booking share, its important to assess how rate parity and integrity impact their business. According to Vishal Jain, chief products officer at travel technology company Rate Gain, rate parity affects the distribution partners or channels more while rate integrity affects hotels brand value. He argues that parity issues with your brand site (bigger distribution partners having cheaper better-value offers than your own site) will directly affect brand trust and value but can also lead to loss of business from more profitable channels. It can also lead to decreased visibility on other channels. The trend that parity for hotels seems to be having better deals at large OTA sites is something we have uncovered consistently in the parity reports we publish regularly at Rate Gain, says Jain.   One reason for this could be the extensive parity tracking and automated alert systems that OTAs have successfully put in place to keep hotels on their toes; something the corporate office and brand HQ is unable to do with their own hotels. It gets even harder for those hotel companies that do not own and manage the hotels since they have even less control on the properties but the parity anomalies hurt them both financially as well as with their brands value. Assessing Channels Properly   Regarding parity and rate integrity on retail pricing in both direct and indirect channels, Preferred Hotel Groups Brij Bhushan Chachra who is director, revenue account management in India, Middle East Africa, says each channel needs to be measured on its merits and value proposition it brings to the table. Today each channel has different value propositions and cost structures and as businesses it is important to ensure a company maximizes the same for its hotels. When it comes to OTAs, hotel companies need to work out the total value the business gets in terms of marketing and exposure and not to forget the billboard effect. It is important for hoteliers to safeguard their channels and ensure there is value parity across the board. Chachra defines value as this: the benefit a consumer derives from a product in correlation to price paid to satisfy their individual requirements. In this context, one has to make sure that all segments are priced based on the current demand-supply situation which will yield optimal results from all the segments. There is a need to make efforts to get rid of static rates for all segments and move to dynamic pricing across the board.

Leadership theories and organizational culture

Leadership theories and organizational culture The topics of leadership and organizational culture have attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. In modern World Leadership is taken as the most influencing factor of an Organization. Leaders are those people who make the organization move through definite path towards the success. As the other topics in the field of Organizational Environment, there are numerous numbers of studies and very relative theories on Leadership. The established study of Leadership includes. Trait Theory Group and Exchange Theory Contingency Theory Path-Goal P1. Leadership Theories and models Trait Theory This theory is all about the traits present in a person. The main objective is to recognize those traits which can produce a good leader. As per the ancient scholars The leaders are born not made. A theory called The Great Person Theory gave the right way to more realistic to the trait approach. This says that these traits are not totally in born but a mixture of nature and nurture means that the factors like Physiology, Society, and Economics have a great impact on the trait of a person which can make him a great leader. Group and Exchange Theory These theories have its root in social psychology. It says the leaders must have followers. And they must have some positive exchange between them i.e. Benefits, Rewards and Costs. A recent study indicates that the leader and followers both affect each other in a great impact. Relevant to the Exchange view an approach are there, Leader-Member Exchange approach is in discussion, these says that Leader treats subordinate differently. In precise the both develop a dynamic relationship which affects the behavior of the both. Contingency Theory This can be treated as the extension of the trait theory which deals with the situational aspect of leadership. Numerous situational variables were identified but no solid theory could be formulated. Fred Feeler test the hypothesis, he had formulated from the previous data findings. He develops a contingency model of leadership effectiveness. This contains the relationship between Leadership style and Favorableness of the situation. There are some dimensions: The Leader Member relationship. The degree of the task structure. The Leaders position and power. Source: www.scribd.com As per this theory the trainers is taught to diagnosis the situation to change it at optimization leadership style which match the situation. Some of the ways are as follows: Spending more informal time with the follower. Discuss task structure with them. Raise the position power Path Goal Theory This theory has been derived from the motivational theory. The path goal theory attempts to explain the impact of the leader behavior has on subordinate motivation, satisfaction and performance. These are of four major types. Directive Leadership Participative Leadership Achievement oriented Leadership Using these for types on the situational factor the leader attempt to influence subordinates perception and motivation. In other word the leader attempts to make the path to the goal for the subordinate as smooth AS possible. But the leader must depend on the situational variables present. We were been discussing the traditional theories there are some other theories which has immerged most recently: Charismatic Transformational Autocratic Transactional Are some important of theories which are in discussion. Charismatic Max Weber the Sociologist described his charismatic authority as resting on the devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism or exemplary character of an individual person and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordaised by him,. Among the webaris tripartite classification of authority charismatic authority is one and has acquired wide usage within the sociologists. This leadership is based on the leaders ability to communicate and act in ways that reach group on a basis, touching way, to inspire and motivate. To identify the characteristic of a charismatic leader is difficult but this level of communicating is so powerful to touch the heart of followers emotionally. To be a charismatic leader its difficult and even impossible for some leaders but its true that charismatic character is not essential for being a effective leader. Hence to rely on charisma may be a problem, in succession. Transformational Theory:- Transformational leadership can be defines as a leadership approach that engenders change in individuals and social systems. It explores valuable and positive change in the group with the target of developing the followers in to leaders. Through a variety of mechanism transformational leadership enhance motivation, morale and productivity of the followers by integrity the followers sense of identity to the objective of the organization. The theory was first implemented by James Mac in 1978 in his descriptive analysis on political leaders and now this theory had been given attention in organizational psychology. Burns described the theory as a process in which the leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation, He tried to described that the differentiation between management and leadership are due to character and behaviors. The theory is not based on give and take policy but target changes that are required within the organizational character. Individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation are the four elements of full range of leadership. INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION Autocratic This leadership style is one of power and despotism, same to a dictatorship. In the administration of a country this type of leadership is found mostly. Adolph Hitler is a historical example of the disadvantage cruelty of an autocratic leadership style. An autocratic leader just order his followers and expect that they should obey his orders and dictation, This leadership style is suitable where the leader should take decisions in emergency, But this type of leadership style are breaking down now -a-days due to some rapid or environmental and organizational changes., While promoting fresh directions and is not connected with position, then in this case there is no better style than the autocratic in some time during emergency when the work should be done either by hook or crook and no other options are suitable. Transactional Theory This is a term that is used to inquire the interactions between the leaders and the followers of an organization. The leaders focus on a series of transactions. Here the leaders and followers exchange benefits in consequence of rewards and benefits to reach the company objectives. The transactional leaders believe that people can be only motivated by reward or punishment. The targets are set by the leaders and throws to the followers and when the followers reaches the targets they are rewarded and for failure the followers are seriously punished. The leaders are so cruel that they set the targets but are not sure that the resource is available or not. In this type of leadership the reward and punishments are subject to performance of the follower. Taking in consideration of its limitations still this type of leadership is popular to some managers and mainly toward the management end of the scale. Transformational leadership is a selling style but transactional leadership is of telling style. Hence- The transactional leaders must know how and by what to motivate their followers. To ensure their followers that they properly understands the reward system and the way out of receiving the reward. A consistent exercise of reward and punishment systems must be followed Constructive feedback throughout the systems must be provided Timely insurance of reward and recognition system. Situational Leadership theory This model is developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard that relates four different leadership styles to the subordinates confidence and the ability to achieve their targets. Now a days most of the leadership programs suits for developing leadership styles within the followers with their strength and weaknesses. But the situational theory is not dictated by the leadership style of managers. Rather its idea is to be successful in the existing environment with the style that is suitable to achieve the objectives. The successful managers are manager who make use of multiple leadership styles to cope up with the dynamic environment according to the desire of the organization. According to this theory the manager must decide which leadership is suitable for achieving the targets after the setting of goal. Style should change when it is required to lead the follower for goal achievements. P2. Impact of leadership Styles with in the Organization Importance of the Leadership-Performance Relationship During the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership. The style of leadership adopted is considered by some researchers to be particularly important in achieving organizational goals, and in evoking performance among subordinates Despite the widespread recognition of the significance and value of leadership, when studying the leadership literature, it is remarkable that the concept of leadership lacks consistency and agreement. Most of the leadership literature confuses the definition of effective leadership by failing to make clear distinctions in some definitions, such as between leaders and non-leaders, effective and ineffective leaders, as well as overlooking the definition of the levels of leadership Further, there has been limited research that has specifically addressed the relationship between leadership behavior and organizational performanc e. Despite these oversights, it is widely believed that leadership creates the vital link between organizational effectiveness and peoples performance at an organizational level Substantial numbers of management scholars have debated the effectiveness of leadership styles and behaviors In addition, much prior research has examined the assumed leadership-performance relationship, but it has examined a restricted number of leadership paradigms. This implies that different leadership paradigms could affect performance differently, depending on the context. Thus, when researching the leadership-performance relationship, the context needs to be taken into account and more paradigms need to be considered. Moreover, there are methodological problems with most existing studies. The majority of field studies have been cross-sectional in design, and the common-method bias often has been a problem when performance has been Measured. Link between Leadership and Organizational Performance Several reasons indicate that there should be a relationship between leadership and performance. The first reason relates to practice. Todays intensive, dynamic markets feature innovation-based competition, Price/performance rivalry, decreasing returns, and the creative destruction of existing competencies. Scholars and practitioners suggest that effective leadership behaviors can facilitate the improvement of performance when organizations face these new challenges Understanding the effects of leadership on performance is also important because leadership is viewed by some researchers as one of the key driving forces for improving a firms performance. Effective leadership is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage for organizational performance improvement. For example, transactional leadership helps organizations achieve their current objectives more efficiently by linking job performance to valued rewards and by ensuring employees have the resources needed to get the job done . Visionary Leaders create a strategic vision of some future state, communicate that vision through framing and use of metaphor, model the vision by acting consistently, and build commitment towards the vision. Some scholars suggest that visionary leadership will result in high levels of cohesion, commitment, trust, motivation, and hence performance in the new organizational environments. According to Mehra when some organizations seek efficient ways to enable them to outperform others, a longstanding approach is to focus on the effects of leadership. This is because team leaders are believed to play a pivotal role in shaping collective norms, helping teams cope with their environments, and coordinating collective action. This leader-centered perspective has provided valuable insights into the relationship between leadership and team performance. Some researchers have started to explore the strategic role of leadership, and investigate how to employ leadership paradigms and use leadership behavior to improve organizational performance. The reason for this is because intangible assets such as leadership styles, culture, skill and competence, and motivation are seen increasingly as key sources of strength in those firms that can combine people and processes and organizational performance. Previous research leads to the expectation that leadership paradigms will have dir ect effects on customer satisfaction, staff satisfaction, and financial performance. However, in general, the effects of leadership on organizational performance have not been well studied, according to House and Adytas review. House and Adyta (1997) criticized leadership studies for focusing excessively on superior-subordinate relationships to the exclusion of several other functions that leaders perform, and to the exclusion of organizational and environmental variables that are crucial to mediate the leadership-performance relationship. A further problem with existing leadership research is that the results depend on the level of analysis. House and Adyta (1997) distinguished micro-level research that focuses on the leader in relation to his or her subordinates and immediate superiors, and macro-level research that focuses on the total organization and its environment. Other scholars also suggest that leaders and their leadership style influence both their subordinates and organizational outcomes. Selection of Leadership development Initiatives The models and competency frameworks detailed in the previous section are, in most cases, used as a basis for the development of leadership and management development provision within organizations as well as appraisal and performance review. It is beyond the scope of this report to offer a detailed review of the associated programmers and the range of leadership and management development initiatives available, however, we would like to introduce a number of approaches that we feel are particularly interesting in the manner in which they seek to develop the behaviors, skills and attitudes of leaders. National and International Learning Experiences: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development Assignments (Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transformational Thinking (Manchester University) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Study Tour to Canada (Kings Fund) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Duality Leadership Programmed (University of Birmingham) Action Learning Sets (Nelson and Peddler) Modular Programmes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Experienced Chief Executives Development Programmed (Kings Fund and Lancaster University Management School) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drive for Results (Manchester University) Leadership programs at wipro Wipro is the 1st PCMM level SEICMM level certified global IT services organization. It is global one of the largest product engineering and service support service provider with product/service differentiation. The company delivers comprehensive research development services, IT solutions, Information system outsourcing, and package implementation service world wide. the company is also having market share in niche market segment of clients product and lighting. Azim Premzi is the chairman of wipro technologies. Leadership qualities of premzi are based on the i10 model of leadership. P3. Assessment of the Leadership Style Premjis one of most achievements is creating sincerely management culture that is fruitful to work even under a high competitive pressure. Two core principles have been established that are instrumental in building proper structure of his leadership team at wipro:- Within the organization the chairman is not the King, he should share authority and responsibility with his subordinates. Believing in zero politic culture with hugging the honesty and openness of the subordinates. P4. Future Requirement of leadership Program For tracing wipros effort globally some steps are taken by the chairman- Azim Premji for the practice of leadership style:- Defining the Leadership qualities within the organization is a biggest problem as it refers so many things to so many people. To be an aggressive team leader and in the same time to bring about harmony within the organization is really challenging, For this Eight leadership practices are identified at Wipro:- Thinking Strategically Orientation of the Customer Commitment should be aggressive and trustworthy Thinking and Acting globally Crucial self confidence Commitment to excellence in operations Team working are an added advantage Building future is a ladder to future growth of the company as well as the within culture. Measurement of Leadership qualities in Global competitive context:- Wipros leaders are integrated with global thinking and acting working in a team increase the motivating and bonding factors and hence increase in productivity. P5. Proposal that are designed to meet specific requirement Wipros Leadership qualities at a Glance:- Leadership quality Earlier Now Strategic Thinking Focus was on the domestic players and only address was on local competitive forces Now focus is on Global game, changes and competitors Working in Team Main focus was on face-to-face interactions and morale in location basis But now the focus is on virtual teams that work asynchronously across date time Zones. Hence we can say that the company always studies the business environment for clues that have a direct impact of leadership strategies. Composition of leadership for a Global organization:- Due to the Global presence of wipro it is difficult to manage cross cultural and multinational work forces for his reason wipro has infused its senior management with leaders from home nations itself. This ensures that these leaders are adapting in their own nations and can understand the business quickly. Relevant Modification of the People Process:- The ongoing process of hiring, training development, compensation, are affecting the operations of Global scale. For this the company has modified the people process have a complete vision of leadership. For this reason the recruitment team must be certified with a standard, trainings are conducted overseas to have engagement with the field force. Development of Leadership Talent within the Wipro: On a regular basis the employees are trained to develop leaders. Premji have initiated to create and explore development program adjacent to the lifecycle way of leadership development. P6. Leadership development Program of Wipro For horning the leadership capability five programs have been developed by Premji within the organization:- Entry Level Program:- This is for the freshers (Entry level employee). New leaders Program: For the 1st time managers this program are developed to make aware of teams building, situational leading and coaching each other. Leader Program of Wipro: This are for the manager of manager those are willing to manage the team directly. Business Leaders Program: This are for General Managers covering the important attributes of finance and environmental scanning. Strategic Leadership Program: This is for chief executives for designing and developing strategies globally. Lifecycle Leadership Program Competency based performance appraisal Objective Setting WIPRO LEADER WLO 360 degree Early Opportunities Meet your people Program CSS customer output HR Review Planning The Leadership Development Frame work of Wipro Findings Prior to the examination of associations between leadership style, organizational culture, and performance, a phase of data reduction was necessary. The construction of meaningful indices was initiated by the use of principal components analysis with Varian rotation. Factor analysis was deemed necessary since it was considered prudent statistically to ascertain whether the adopted measures of organizational culture and leadership style captured differing dimensions of culture and style. The principal components analysis of items pertaining to organizational culture and items relating to leadership style were conducted individually. It was not necessary to delete items from the analysis due to lack of variation or because of problems of interpretation. A clear case study of wipro is described at a glance to show the different situational leadership style that is being used in the organization for the proper team work and development of future leaders.

Transformations: The Changes Muslim Women Experience when they are Strong, Smart and Brave :: Arab Muslim Women Essays

Transformations: The Changes Muslim Women Experience when they are Strong, Smart and Brave Works Cited Missing Many stereotypes present in modern day society portray Arab women, or more precisely, Muslim women, as having little to no independence or power. These stereotypes assert that Muslim women are oppressed both physically and psychologically, and that as a result of such outrageous treatment these women are psychologically weak. As with all stereotypes, this is a misconception. Blanket statements announcing one group of people as exhibiting the same characteristics are patently incorrect. The stereotype that Muslim women are all psychologically dependent can never be judged true, because there are always, always, exceptions to such statements. Thanks to the literary talents of three Muslim women authors who demonstrate they are the exception to such a rule, the lives of three powerful and mentally tenacious Muslim women are described in detail and reveal how strong Muslim women, or any woman for that matter can truly be. In Fadia Faqir’s Pillars of Salt the main character experiences a transformation from a dutiful daughter to a strong, liberated woman after the death of her husband. During Leila Al-Atrash’s A Woman of Five Seasons another female protagonist experiences mental rebellion as she copes with conflicting emotions about the man she loves and the man she is supposed to love. Last, in Liyana Badr’s novella A Land of Rock and Thyme. The woman in this story displays tremendous valor and courage when faced with unfathomable tragedies that change her life forever. The common correlation throughout these novels is the amazing strength, intellect, and courage each character displays and how each woman grows stronger as a result of the tragic events that alter their lives. Fadia Faqir’s Pillars of Salt follows Maha and the events in her life that gradually convince her society that she is insane. In truth Maha matures through these events and as an unfortunate result her independence, strength and emotions are translated by society as signs of mental instability. Ironically, Maha is perhaps most mentally stable at the close of the story while institutionalized. Throughout her life Maha demonstrated growing strength in many ways. From an early age she was the sole caretaker of her father’s farm. She would sew and cook and tend the garden and do all of the chores that were meant to be done by her brother, Daffash. Her tenacious resolve to make her father happy and to let him live a pleasant life was frequently thwarted by Daffash’s wayward excursions into the city.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cloning is an unethical action that should not be tampered with physically in any animal form regardless of what it is. This is a genetically engineered process by humans, in which, perfectly generated genes from someone or something is copied into its own life form to be an exact replica. In the article â€Å"Calves cloned to produce drugs† there are two cows involved with cloning. People should not be tampering with this, but letting God create people and animals the way he has it planned out to be. Not to mention, no two or more life forms should ever be exactly alike with the exact same genes (except for plants who are that way anyhow). With this happening to animals now and evolving toward humans, it could cause some huge problems with our world. It is acceptable for scientists and doctors to study genetic engineering and cloning, but not perform it physically in any kind of life forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The news article, â€Å"Calves cloned to produce drugs† in USA Today, is about two genetically engineered and cloned cows that are formed to produce new drugs. This cloning is from two sheep cloned for drugs and evolved into trying it on cows to produce a milk that will sustain blood pressure. As a result, doctors are constantly progressing toward other animals to produce clones for different drugs in order to help our human race. The entire article is geared toward humans and their future with drugs as they live on the earth. &... Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cloning is an unethical action that should not be tampered with physically in any animal form regardless of what it is. This is a genetically engineered process by humans, in which, perfectly generated genes from someone or something is copied into its own life form to be an exact replica. In the article â€Å"Calves cloned to produce drugs† there are two cows involved with cloning. People should not be tampering with this, but letting God create people and animals the way he has it planned out to be. Not to mention, no two or more life forms should ever be exactly alike with the exact same genes (except for plants who are that way anyhow). With this happening to animals now and evolving toward humans, it could cause some huge problems with our world. It is acceptable for scientists and doctors to study genetic engineering and cloning, but not perform it physically in any kind of life forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The news article, â€Å"Calves cloned to produce drugs† in USA Today, is about two genetically engineered and cloned cows that are formed to produce new drugs. This cloning is from two sheep cloned for drugs and evolved into trying it on cows to produce a milk that will sustain blood pressure. As a result, doctors are constantly progressing toward other animals to produce clones for different drugs in order to help our human race. The entire article is geared toward humans and their future with drugs as they live on the earth. &...

The Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline Essay

The Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline The year 2004 has seen a steady climb in the price of gasoline. From January of 2004 to May of 2004 there has been a jump of approximately .50 cents a gallon (Energy Information Administration). For many Americans high gas prices have been a hot issue with them, and there seems to be no rhyme or reason to these fluctuations. With the continued popularity of the sport-utility vehicle and the high volume of gasoline it requires, the issue of high gas prices doesn’t seem to be going away anytime soon. Many factors go into determining the price of gasoline. This paper will explore the various factors involved to determine the price of gas and attempt to gain a better understanding on how it arrives at its decision. The gasoline industry is an oligopoly. In Mark Hirschey’s book called Fundamentals of Managerial Economics an oligopoly is defined as, â€Å"A market structure characterized by few sellers and interdependent price/ output decisions†. This market structure only allows a few large rivals to produce the majority of the industry’s output (404). The oligopoly controlling the gasoline industry is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC consists of 11 oil producing countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, and Nigeria (OPEC.org). These countries control gas prices by the amount of crude oil they produce. To gain a better understanding of how the United States gets its gasoline and who supplies it, we will have to take a closer look at the degree of competition. Because of the nature... ...uly 2004.Website. 6 Dec.2002. www.bradynet.com/bbs/russia/100226-0.html> Bonsor, Kevin. â€Å"How Gas Prices Work.† HowStuffWorks. 30 June 2004 Website. 29 June 2004 http://money.howstuffworks.com/gas-price.htm/printable â€Å"Strategic Petroleum Reserve-Profile† Office of Fossil Energy 1 July , 2004. Website. 1 July 2004 Mitchell, Andrew and Oweis, Khaled, Reuters â€Å"OPEC Prepares Oil; Deal to End $40 crude Prices.† AOL Business News. 3 June 2004 Website. 3 June 2004 http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/business/article.adp?id=200406020883009990015&_mp... Lott, Trent. â€Å"A $100 Fill-Up?† Truth News 30 June 2004 Website 28 May 2004 http://truthnews.com/world/2004050143.htm â€Å"US Fuel Tax Rates By State.† ClevelandGasPrices. 28 June 2004 Website.

Child Deve

Observation: Physical (fine Motor) Time: 12:30-3:00 Date: 5/12/12 |Time |Actions |Social group |Language |Task | |12:30 |T. C is sitting at table making a jigsaw picking up|T. C , C1,C2,C3,C4,C5 |T. C>C1 –you help me |Making Jigsaw | | |pieces using pincer grasp | |C1>T.C –Yeah | | | | | |C4>T. C – Me too | | |1: 00 |T. C eats dinner with spoon |T. C , G |none |Eating dinner | |1:30 |T. C helps draw head holding pencil using pincer |T. C , C1 |T.C > C1, C1- Look, Look |Drawing picture | | |grasp |T. C , C2 |C1> T. C –That’s lovely | | |1:45 -2:00 |T. C builds a tower with another child |T. C –C1 |T. C> C1 want to help |Free-play | | | | |C1>T.C -yup | | |2:15 |T. C helps change the page of book using pincer |T. C>G |Read That One |Story-time | | |grasp |T. C>A | | | |2:30 |T. C has Book of her own reading it and is changing|T.C, C1, C2, C3,C4,C5 |None |Storey-time | | |pages using her pincer grasp | | | | |3:00 |T. C picks her coats and z ips it up using pincer |T. C > A |T. C> A- Bye |Home-time | | |grasp | | | |Personal learning: †¢ Whilst doing this observation on T. C I learned how amazing it is that at such a young age a child can hold a pencil and attempt to draw with it. †¢ Also in this observation I learned that the more free-play that children get the more they develop their skills †¢ I also learned that at such a young age of two that a child with some help from another child can put together a jigsaw without adults help. Summary: TC shows in this observation that she can use her pincer grasp very well as she is making jigsaws and is using a pencil.TC also shows that she can use her gramer grasp when she feeds herself with the spoon. Recommendations for T. C: I would recommend that the creche could ask T. C to build something with the blocks or they could ask T. C to try drawing something on her own to challenge her so she can develop more. Reference: Flood, E. (2010). Child Development for students in Ireland. Dublin: Gill&Macmillian Physical development: Checklist – gross Motor. Date: 23/11/12 Time: 11:00- 11:30 |Yes |No |Comment |Date | |Runs safely. Confidence, |( | |T. C plays outside catch, T. C |23/11 | |avoiding obstacles | | |runs down towards caterpillar | | | | | |toy and avoids slide. | |Rides a trike, pushing it along | | |Not in observation |23/11 | |with the feet | | | | | |Walks up and down stairs both |( | |Walked down step to go outside |23/11 | |feet to each step, holding wall | | |one step at a time. | | |Squats with ease. Rises without |( | |Plays sleeping bunny.Squats on |23/11 | |using hands | | |ground when saying â€Å" bunny | | | | | |sleeping but doesn’t sit on | | | | | |ground | | |Can climb up on furniture and |( | |Climbed up slide one foot at a |23/11 | |get down again | | |time.Holding onto rails with | | | | | |both hands going up. | | |Steers tricycle pushing along | | |Not in observation |23/11 | |with feet. | | | | | |Able to manoeuvre large toys |( | |Pushes child along in toy car |23/11 | |with wheels | | |using both hands. | |Loves to pull along toys on | | |Not in observation | | |string | | | | | |Throws small ball over arm |( | |Playing ball game outside passes|23/11 | | | | |to another child. | | |Kicks a large ball |( | |Passes ball to other child |23/11 | Evaluation: The Aim of this observation was to observe TC, a 2 year old girl while she was in a creche setting to get a better understanding of her physical development. I feel that I have achieved this aim very well and that generally TC is meeting her norms of development with her physical development in terms of her gross motor. The gross motor skills are the use of the large muscles in your body.In the yard TC shows that she can run in the yard towards caterpillar toy avoiding the slide. TC also shows that she can climb up on furniture and get back down holding onto rails with both hands. TC also shows she’s meeting the nor ms according to flood when she pushes a child in the toy car around the yard. TC also shows that she can kick a large ball when she picks up the soft ball from the ground and throws it to her friends whilst playing hot ball. When returning inside TC went up the step one foot at a time holding the wall for support according to flood 2010 a child at the age of two should be able to carry these tasks without difficulty to be meeting the norms of development.According to flood at the age of two a child should be able to ride tricycles pushing them along with their feet and to pull toys along with wheels, but these activities were not in my observation so I couldn’t observe that TC could carry out these tasks. In summary I feel like TC is meeting her norms of development in her gross motor skills as she carried out the tasks I set out for her to her full potential. Personal learning: †¢ I learned whilst doing this observation that when you set out tasks for the children that they enjoy them more as they can learn through practice doing them. †¢ I also learned that at such a young age that children have good physical strength eg. TC could push the younger child around in the toy car I also learned that children at this age are aware of the dangers that can hurt them like when TC avoided the slide when going to the caterpillar Recommendations for T. C: †¢ I would recommend that the creche get more Toys in the creche so TC can develop her skills on other things. †¢ I would also recommend that the creche encourages TC more to play with other children. References: Flood. E (2010). Child development for students in Ireland. Dublin: Gill&Macmillian. Piaget, J. (1975). The child's conception of the world. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams. (Originally published 1932). Intellectual development. Observation: narrative. Date: 16/11/12 Time: 11;11:10 T.C is sitting on the couch at the corner with two baby born dolls on her knees; TC is pretending that t he baby born dolls are talking to each other saying â€Å"do you want to play† TC is laughing away to herself and is pretending that the babies are laughing with her. TC keeps playing with the dolls, laughing pretending that the dolls are her own children. TC has just named the babies â€Å"Megan and Rachel† (which are the children on front of her) TC is now sitting on the ground with the one of the babies up at her shoulder saying† Its Ok†. Adults goes over to TC and asks her â€Å"what happened the babies† TC replies to the Adult â€Å"Megan hit her† Adult says back to TC â€Å"the poor baby† and turns to the other baby TC has and says â€Å"That’s Not Nice†. TC laughs at adult saying this and says â€Å"Rachel is ok now† and laughs.TC then puts down the Babies and walks over to the picture board and says â€Å"that’s me† and points to the picture of her on the wall. TC then points to another picture and says to adult â€Å"there is Luke and Lauren†. Adult replies â€Å"Yes it is†. TC then goes over to Luke and Lauren and says and points at wall and says â€Å"that’s you Luke and that is you Lauren. † The Door bell then rings and TC looks at door and shouts â€Å"Mammy† TC looks at adults and Says â€Å"That mammy† Adults Replies â€Å"no that’s Lukes mammy†. TC then says â€Å"silly Me† and TC then shouts over to Luke â€Å"Luke Mammy here†. TC Then Goes back over to the Corner and picks up baby born again. End Of observation. Evaluation:The aim of this observation was to observe TC a two year old girl while she was in the creche setting to get a better understanding of her intellectual development. I feel that I have achieved this aim very well and that generally TC is meeting hers norms of development in terms of her intellectual development. In this observation TC shows empathy for the baby born when â₠¬Å"Rachel† is crying. TC shows affection here when she lifts her up and puts her head on her holder. According to Flood(2010) at this age this is what TC should be doing. TC also shows that she is meeting her norms of intellectual development when she goes over to the pictures on the wall and recognizes herself, Lauren and Luke in the photos. According to Flood (2010) these are the norms she should be reaching.According to Piaget A child at the age of 2 â€Å"is at the per-operational stage and assumes that everyone and everything is like them. Therefore they think everything feels pain and has emotions like them. Tc shows this when she thinks that â€Å"rachel† is crying and is hurt. Summary: This observation shows that Tc is meeting all her norms for her age. Recommendations for TC: †¢ I would recommend that the creche encourages TC to play with other children and to get her interacting with other children so that she is not playing on her own. †¢ I would a lso recommend that the Adults interacts more with TC if they can so that other children will come over and play with her. Personal learning: †¢ I learned that a child at this age can sense emotions and can comfort people who are upset. I also learned that children of this age can are in a little world of their own and just keep themselves amused by talking to themselves †¢ I also learned that children can remember and recognize different people that they might see in a picture. References: Flood, E. (2010). Child Development for students in Ireland . Dublin: Gill&macmillianPiaget, J. (1975). The child's conception of the world. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams. (Originally published 1932). Language development – precoded (playing play dough) date: 23/11 Time: 20:00-2:10 |Keys |TC(target child C(Child C1(Child 1 A(Adult 1 | |TC(C |This yours? TC doesn’t get an answer of C) | |TC(A |Harry here | |TC(A |Can I play with harry? | |A(TC |Yes | |A(TC |Do you want me t o break that up? | |TC(A |yea | |A(TC |What you making | |TC(A |It for mammy | |A(TC |Good girl | |TC(A |Harry going to sit here |TC(A |There Harry (do-do) | |C1(TC |What you making | |C(C1 |Think she making pancakes | |C(TC |Is it pancakes | |TC(C |I need that | |C(TC |Ok | |C(TC |Shhh† A† on the phone | |TC(C |OK | |TC(C |I need that | |C(TC |Here | |TC(C |Thank you | |C(TC |You’re welcome. | End of observations. Child Initials: TC Age: 2 Sex: female Date: 3/12 time: 10:55-11:03 Setting: creche Observation: social development Min |Activity |Language record |Task |Social | |1 |Sitting in a circle sing singing |TC(adult – do ring-a-ring-a-Rosie |Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes | | | | |2 |Sitting in a circle sing singing |A(TC ready |Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes | | | | |3 |Sitting in a circle sing singing |A-TC-1, 2,3,4,5 Once I got a fish alive†¦ Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes | | | | |4 |Sitting in a circle sing sin ging |Singing songs with group |Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes | | | | |5 |Sitting in a circle sing singing |A(TC –ready |Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes |TC nods head | | | |6 |Sitting in a circle sing singing |TC singing row-row |Group time |Group | | |nursery rhymes | | | | |7 |Sitting in circle singing santy |A(TC –what you want to sing? |Group time |Group | | |coming to town |TC- santy | | | |8 |Break |TC(G – Its break time |Group time |Group | Evaluation: The Aim of this observation was to observe TC, a two year old girl every minute for eight minutes while she was doing group time in a creche setting.I carried out this observation to get a better understanding of her social development. I feel that I have achieved this aim very well and that TC is meeting her norms of development with her social development. In this Observation we see that TC is meeting her norms when she responds to the adult when she is asked what she wants to sing, she al so shows that she is meeting her norms when she joins in when an adult sings, so according to flood (2010) as she is doing this she is meeting her norms of development. She is also meeting her norms when she says â€Å"its break time† as according to flood (2010) children at the age of two will ask for food.In this observation these are the only parts of the norms of development in social skills that we could observe, so we don’t know if she has developed any of the other norms as we can not assume she can do these things we have to see a if she is interacting with the group better. Summary: This observation shows that Tc is meeting most of her norms for her age. But I couldnt prove she is meeting them all. Observation: Emotional Development Event sample. Date: 10/12/12 Observation begins: 9:30 observation finished: 2: 30 |No |Time/date/place |Description of incident |Adult involvement |Provoked/un-provoked | |1 |9:00, 10/12 on couches in corner |TC takes toy of child 1.Child |Adult takes toy of TC and says |Un-provoked | | |of room |1 gets upset and cries |â€Å" C1 had that first† and hands | | | | | |toy back to C1 | | |2 |11:00 10/12 preschool room |TC is playing on mat, TC takes |Adult asks TC to give C1 back |Un-provoked | | | |toy of child 1 and wont give it|the toy by saying â€Å" can C1 have| | | | |back |her toy back please† | |3 |11:30 10/12 tables in preschool |TC is at tables doing puzzles, |Adults says to C1 â€Å" give that |Provoked | | |room |child 1 takes a piece of TC’s |piece back to TC that’s for her| | | | |puzzle and TC gets upset |jigsaw† | | |4 |1:00 10/12 table in preschool |TC is having dinner and child 1|Adult asks C1 to stop â€Å"tipping†|Provoked | | |room |is annoying her by tipping her |TC | | | | |on her arm. TC says â€Å"stop† | | | |5 |1:30 10/12 Library space |Child 1 takes book of TC and TC|Adult Asks C1 â€Å"to give her back|Provoked | | |preschool room. | turns to wall and starts |the book† and gives book back | | | | |crying. to TC | | |6 |2:00 10/12 library space |TC then grabs book of child 1 |Adults Takes Book back of TC |Un-provoked | | |preschool room |and wont give book back |and hands to C1 | | |7 |2:30 story-time mat preschool |Child 1 pushes TC out of way so|Adults tells C1 to say â€Å"sorry |provoked | | |room |that she can sit at the front |to Tc† | | | | |of mat. | | | Evaluation: The aim of this observation was to observe TC, a 2 year old girl while she was in the creche setting to get a better understanding of her emotional development. I feel that I have achieved this aim very well and that generally TC is meeting her norms of development in terms of her emotional development.This observation shows that TC is meeting her norms of development as she shows extreme behavioral changes as she takes toys of other children but gets upset when children take things off her. According to flood (2010) this is the w ay a child at the age of two will carry on. This observation also shows that according to flood (2010) a child at the age of two have little concept of sharing this is why TC took the toy off the other child. Flood(2010) also says that children at the age of two doesn’t understand teasing this is why TC gets upset and mad when child 1 is tipping her whilst TC is having her dinner. According to bruner at child at 2 Should be able to â€Å"able to eat with a spoon and fork† TC shows she can do this. Personal Learning: I learned when doing this observation that you have to let children misbehavior for them to learn †¢ I also learned that children shouldn’t be put near another child that may upset or cause conflict with them. †¢ I also learned that you can sort out conflict that happens between children easily and as soon as it occurs. Recommendations for TC: I would recommend that the adults keep TC away from C1 if they keep getting into situations were t hey are annoying eachother. References: Flood, E. (2010). Child Development for students in Ireland . Dublin: Gill&macmillian |Keys |TC – target child, A- adult G-group C- other child | |A(TC |Are uses ready? |G(A |Yes | |TC(A |What that (TC points to glue) | |A(TC |That’s glue | |TC(A |can we use that | |A(TC |yes one minute | |TC(G |Were using glue | |C(TC |Cool what you making | |TC(C |Lambs | |TC(C |What you making | |C(TC |Butterflies | |TC(C |Cool | |TC(G |Look at mine (TC holds up lamb) | |A(TC |That’s lovely | |TC(A |Thanks | |TC(C |I like yours | |C(T.C |I like that colour | |TC(C |Thanks | |TC(C |Luke what you making | |C(TC |Lamb like you | |TC(C |NAP (snap) | |A(G |Use having fun? | |G(A |Yeah | |TC(A |Can I make a butterfly now? |A(TC |Yes course you can | |TC(C |I making butterfly like you | |C(TC |We can be the same | |TC(C |Sure mines pink | |A(TC |When you finish your butterfly we are cleaning up ok | |TC(A |Oktaa | |TC(G |We Have to finish up soon | |G(A |nooooo | |A(G |Its break-time | |TC(A |Can we do it again | |A(TC |Yea later | |A(G |We have to clean up now. end of observation) | Language Development: date: 25/2/13 time: 11:00-11:10 Evaluation: The aim of this observation was to observe TC, A 2 Year old child for 10 minutes in a creche whilst she was taking part in a group activity to get a better understanding of the development of her language from the last time I observed her. I feel that TC has progressed in term of her language skills as she now talking clearer and is using more vocabulary As According to Flood (2010 a child at the age of 2 â€Å"uses 200 or more words. † Flood(2010) also claims that a child at the age of 2 â€Å"constantly pointing out an asking the names of people and objects.TC shows that she is meeting this norm when she asks the adult what the glue is. This also shows that TC has progressed since she was last observed as in the last observation she wasn’t aski ng much questions at all. According to Piaget † the vocabulary of a child is expanded and developed during this as they change from babies to toddlers† Tc shows that she has developed since the last observation as she is having a better conversation in this observation then she was in the last one. According to bowler a child at 2 should â€Å"let people know what they want using words†. TC shows this when she asks adult can she make a butterfly. Personal learning: From doing this observation I learned that children can progress and are always progressing as TC progressed since the last time I observed her. Recommendation for TC: I would recommend that the creche get TC to do more activities like this as in this activity TC was doing lots of interaction with the other children. References: Flood, E. (2010). Child Development for students in Ireland . Dublin: Gill&macmillian Bowler P and Linke P, â€Å"Your Child from One to Ten†. Australian Council for Educ ational Research, Melbourne, Vic. 1996. Piaget, J. , & Inhelder, B. (1973). Memory and intelligence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Physical development: Checklist – gross Motor.Date:25 /2/13 Time: 11:00- 11:30 | |Yes |No |Comment |Date | |Runs safely. Confidence, |( | |T. C plays outside catch, T. C |23/11 | |avoiding obstacles | | |runs down towards caterpillar | | | | | |toy and avoids slide. | |Rides a trike, pushing it along |( | |TC is playing in the cars with |23/11 | |with the feet | | |the other children in yard. | | |Walks up and down stairs both |( | |Walked down step to go outside |23/11 | |feet to each step, holding wall | | |one step at a time. | | |Squats with ease. Rises without |( | |Plays sleeping bunny.Squats on |23/11 | |using hands | | |ground when saying â€Å" bunny | | | | | |sleeping but doesn’t sit on | | | | | |ground | | |Can climb up on furniture and |( | |Climbed up slide one foot at a |23/11 | |get down again | | |time.Holding onto ra ils with | | | | | |both hands going up. | | |Steers tricycle pushing along |( | |TC is playing in the cars in |23/11 | |with feet. | | |yard. | | |Able to manoeuvre large toys |( | |Pushes child along in toy car |23/11 | |with wheels | | |using both hands. | |Loves to pull along toys on | | |Not in observation | | |string | | | | | |Throws small ball over arm |( | |Playing ball game outside passes|23/11 | | | | |to another child. | | |Kicks a large ball |( | |Passes ball to other child |23/11 | Evaluation:The Aim of this observation was to observe TC, a 2 year old girl while she was in a creche setting doing an outdoor activity to get a better understanding of her physical development to see if she has developed since I last observed her. I feel that I have achieved this aim very well as TC is now meeting all her norms of development with her physical development in terms of her gross motor. The gross motor skills are the use of the large muscles in your body. In the yard TC shows that she can run in the yard towards caterpillar toy avoiding the slide. TC also shows that she can climb up on furniture and get back down holding onto rails with both hands. TC also shows she’s meeting the norms according to flood when she pushes a child in the toy car around the yard.TC also shows that she can kick a large ball when she picks up the soft ball from the ground and throws it to her friends whilst playing hot ball. When returning inside TC went up the step one foot at a time holding the wall for support according to flood 2010 a child at the age of two should be able to carry these tasks without difficulty to be meeting the norms of development. According to flood at the age of two a child should be able to ride tricycles pushing them along with their feet and to pull toys along with wheels, but these activities were not in my observation so I couldn’t observe that TC could carry out these tasks. In summary I feel like TC is meeting her norms of develop ment in her gross motor skills as she carried out the tasks I set out for her to her full potential.TC Also shows that she is meeting her norms as she shows that she can Rides a trike, pushing it along with the feet as according to flood(2010) she should be doing this at the age of 2 Years also TC shows that she is meeting her norms as she shows that she can Steer a tricycle pushing along with feet. Personal learning: †¢ I learned whilst doing this observation that when you set out tasks for the children that they enjoy them more as they can learn through practice doing them. †¢ I also learned that at such a young age those children have good physical strength eg. TC could push the younger child around in the toy car †¢ I also learned that children at this age are aware of the dangers that can hurt them like when TC avoided the slide when going to the caterpillar Recommendations for T. CI Recommend that the creche do more outdoor activities with them so that TC can ke ep developing her norms. References: Flood, E. (2010). Child Development for students in Ireland . Dublin: Gill&macmillian Social development: flow chart- narrative Date:25/2/13 Time: 9:00-12:00 TC entered the creche and went straight over to the table to get toast and juice. TC sat down beside another child and said â€Å"hi† she then turned around to the adult and said â€Å"can I have some toast† The adult replyed â€Å"yes† and handed Tc some Toast. After her toast TC went over to the library counter and sat alongside another child and read a book. TC and the other child were reading the book aloud and swapping book after they had each book read.After the library counter TC went over to the home corner with two other children and pretending to cook them lunch at the kitchen asking â€Å"what would you like for lunch† TC then told the children that this is what her mammy uses to make her dinner. After this TC went over onto the mat and sang nursery rhy mes with all the other children and held hands when going around in the circle. TC then went back over to the table where she was going to have her break and asked the adult could she sit beside Lauren and luke. The adult said she could so she said beside them. TC then asked could she be the helper to give the children out there lunches and the adult let her. TC then went around giving all the children their lunches and talking to them.After Break TC went and got her coat on as she was going outside to do and outdoor activity TC stood in the line beside Lauren holding her hand singing â€Å"if your happy and you know it† song. TC then went outside with the other children and stood against the wall watching the adult demonstrating the activity. TC then got in a line behind the other children and waited her turn to do activity. After Activity was done TC went back inside as all the children were and went over and took a sit beside another child as they were making mother days c ards TC asked all the children † what colours they were using† after the activity as done it was TC home time so she got up of her chair and said â€Å"bye† to everyone and went to the door to go home. (see flow chart) Evaluation:In this observation we see that TC has progressed since the last time that she observed as she in now interacting with the children more. We see this when TC is sitting next to â€Å"Lauren and luke† and she is taking to them in the last social observation TC was mainly just joining in on what the group was doing she wasnt making her own conversation with the children. According to the Piaget a child at the age of 2 should â€Å"Initiate play activities† TC shows she can do this when she join in indoor and outdoor activities. Also according to Piaget a child at the age of two â€Å"Demonstrate personal preferences about toys, food, and activities† TC show she does this when she pretends to make food for the other chil dren.According to bowler a child at 2 should â€Å"2- 3 year olds love simple picture books with familiar things and simple stories. Read aloud to them and talk about the pictures† TC shows that she can do this when she reads the book at library corner. Summary: In this observation it shows that Tc has developed since the last time i observed her. Recommends: I would recommend that the creche workers keep getting TC involved in activity to make her interact even more with the other children. References: Bowler P and Linke P, â€Å"Your Child from One to Ten†. Australian Council for Educational Research, Melbourne, Vic. 1996. Piaget, J. , & Inhelder, B. (1973). Memory and intelligence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.